Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 000, 1–13 (1994)  Printed 29 April 1996  (MN plain TEX macros v1.5)

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: plain TEX style guide for authors

M. A. Reed

Cambridge University Press, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 2BS

Accepted 1993 December 11. Received 1993 March 17

ABSTRACT

This guide is for authors who are preparing papers for the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society using the Monthly Notices plain TEX macros.

Key words: Plain TEX, mn.tex – sample text – user guide.

1 INTRODUCTION

In addition to the standard submission of hardcopy from authors, Monthly Notices accepts machine-readable forms of papers in TEX. The layout design for Monthly Notices has been implemented as a TEX format. This guide is not a substitute for the TEX manual itself. Authors planning to submit their papers in TEX are advised to use mn.tex as early as possible in the creation of their files.

1.1 The MN macros

MN is a set of plain TEX macros for the Monthly Notices design, incorporating both the single- and double-column formats. MN.STY is the corresponding LaTEX style file. The MN design package consists of the following files; do not edit these files in any way.

MN.TEX the macro definitions MNGUIDE.TEX the input file for this guide MNSAMPLE.TEX the input file for a sample article MNLAND.TEX a landscape figure for use with the

sample article

FONTTEST.TEX a file to test all of the fonts used in MN

The input files for the guide, sample pages, landscape sample and fonttest automatically call in the MN macros if you haven’t preloaded them by using a format file. Therefore, this guide can be typeset by typing: tex MNGUIDE, or tex

&mn MNGUIDE.

When your article is printed in the Monthly Notices journal, it is typeset in Monotype Times. As most authors do not have this font, it is likely that the make-up will change with the change of font. For this reason, we ask you to ignore details such as slightly long lines, page stretching, or figures falling out of synchronization, because these details can be dealt with at a later stage.

1.2 General style issues

For general style issues, authors are referred to the ‘Instructions for Authors’ on the inside back cover of Monthly Notices. Authors who are interested in the details of style are referred to Butcher (1992) and The Chicago Manual (1982). The language of the journal is British English and spelling should conform to this.

1.3 Submission of TEX articles to the journal

Authors are urged to state that electronic submission is intended when first submitting their paper. Papers should initially be submitted in the usual way to the Executive Secretary, Royal Astronomical Society, Burlington House, London W1V 0NL, as set out on the inside front cover of each issue of Monthly Notices. Three hard copies should be supplied. One of these copies should be single-sided and double-spaced throughout, while the other two should be weight-reduced, by being either single-spaced or double-sided. Note that articles, or revised versions thereof, may not be submitted by electronic mail. Appropriate gaps should be left for figures, original versions and copies of which should also be supplied. Authors should ensure that their figures are suitable (in terms of lettering, size, etc.) for the reduction they intend.

Authors who wish to include PostScript artwork directly into their articles can do so, by using either Tomas Rokicki’s EPSF macros or Trevor Darrell’s PSFIG macros (both of which are supplied with the DVIPS PostScript driver). Please remember to supply any additional figure macros you use with your article. Please also supply hard copies of your figures, for the use of production editors and as a back-up. Authors should not attempt to use implementation specific \special’s directly.

The correct Monthly Notices House Style should be used – details are given in the Instructions for Authors, in the Style Guide published in the 1 January 1993 issue (MNRAS, 260, 1), and in Appendix C of this guide. No disk should be submitted at this initial stage. When the paper has been accepted, the double-spaced copy will be marked up by the subeditors at Blackwell Science (BS) and returned to you for correction. When the requested corrections have been made, you should send the following material to BS:

2 M. A. Reed

(i) a 3.5-inch or 5.25-inch disk for PC (double or high density or Apple Mac), containing the corrected version of the paper; the file for the final version should be text-only, with no source-dependent control codes (i.e. an ASCII file);

(ii) two hard copies of the corrected version, plus the original marked up copy of the article; any further author corrections should be clearly indicated on the latter;

(iii) a signed statement that the revised hard copy and the disk do indeed correspond.

In addition, you should submit the following information concerning the disk and its contents:

(i) the disk format (e.g. PC 360k); (ii) how many files the disk contains, their names, a de-

scription of the file contents and the number of pages each file will produce when printed; details of any user-defined macros;

(iii) the computer system and implementation of TEX used (e.g. IBM PC-386, PCTEX v3.14).

Unless the layout of the paper has to be significantly changed by the typesetter (for example, if the gaps left for figures are not suitable), it will not be necessary to send you a typeset proof to check, as the paper will be set directly from your submitted disk. However, you should note that, if serious problems are encountered with the coding of your paper (missing author-defined macros, for example), it may prove necessary to divert the paper to conventional typesetting.

2 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSTALLATION

The simplest way to use this macro package is to copy the above files into a suitable directory or work area on your computer. Write your article using the macros described below (or use the sample article as a template) and ensure that the following is included at the very beginning of your input file:

\ifx\mnmacrosloaded\undefined \input mn\fi

When you typeset your article using tex <article file name> the macro definitions will be loaded automatically before your text is processed. This will happen rather slowly on a small computer and you may find it much faster to work with the TEX format file for the MN macros. This can be created by using the program INITEX:

initex &plain mn

This usage of this command will vary from one installation of TEX to another. In Unix implementations of TEX the ‘&’ character must be ‘escaped’ with a ‘\‘ because it is a magic character, e.g. initex \&plain mn. In PCTEX you type the following (seek local advice if you are not sure how to use INITEX on your system):

tex &plain mn /i

When the process is complete type \dump at the TEX prompt. This creates the format file MN.FMT. Type the following command to typeset your article:

tex &mn <article file name>

TEX will process your article at high speed.

2.1 The font test and sample pages

Once you have installed the MN macros, run the following test. The file FONTTEST.TEX produces a sample of each font size used in the MN design. To use this do tex FONTTEST or tex &mn FONTTEST (after creating the MN.FMT format file). Preview the resulting DVI file on-screen and generate hard copy output on your facilities. It will show you whether any of the fonts selected by the Monthly Notices design are going to cause problems on your system.

As a final test of the installation, typeset the sample

article, using tex MNSAMPLE or tex &mn MNSAMPLE. Use this

article in conjunction with the instructions in this guide to work out how to typeset an article for Monthly Notices.

2.1.1 Page margins

Some TEX sites may find that pages from the MN design are positioned incorrectly on the paper from local laserprinters. This can be corrected by the use of the \pageoffset macro. It takes two parameters, the first being the horizontal offset, the second the vertical offset, e.g.

  \pageoffset{-1pc}{2pc}

The above example will shift the output one pica to the left, and two picas down the page. Usually there is no need to use this macro; only use it if required.

2.1.2 Author macro names

For efficiency, some authors may wish to write their own macros. Those who intend to do this will be aware of the problem of creating unique identifiers (macro names). The most common way around this problem has been to include @ somewhere in the identifier, e.g. \@utput or \sec@tion. Knuth, the creator of TEX, has adopted this method in the plain TEX definitions and it can also be found in other format packages such as LaTEX.

However, use of this method can cause problems if the internals of plain TEX or the MN macros get ‘over-ridden’. There is a simpler method which is much safer. Simply prefix your macro names with your initials, e.g. \MARmacro.

3 THE DESIGN MACROS

Refer to the source code of the sample pages for examples of the following design macros in use. It is very important that the article should end with a \bye as this typesets ‘This paper…’ at the very end.

3.1 Article opening

There are certain macros that should appear near the top of your input file. The following is the recommended way to begin your article.

\onecolumn Selects single-column output (default = twocolumn). The \onecolumn command must be used before \begintopmatter for the article opening to work correctly.

Monthly Notices: plain TEX guide for authors 3

You should not use \onecolumn unless your article has a high mathematical content which won’t fit into the twocolumn measure easily. Selection of one-column output also affects the actions of other macros, particularly those controlling figures and tables.

\Referee This selects referee mode (double spaced) if required (default = not selected). Figure captions and Tables are not double spaced by this option.

\authorcomment This creates a catchline at the bottom of the page which authors may wish to use to keep track of the versions of their article.

\begintopmatter This macro should be used just before defining the article title and author names. If you omit this macro TEX will complain loudly when it reaches the

\maketitle macro.

\title Set the article title, e.g.

\title{Dust envelopes around RV Tauri stars}

\author Set the article author(s), e.g.

\author{A. V. Raveendran}

\affiliation Set the author affiliation(s), e.g.

\affiliation{Indian Institute of Astrophysics..}

Multiple author names should be set as follows. Do not use ‘&’ between names, always use ‘and’. Each author name is listed, followed by a reference mark (usually a superscripted number). The reference mark refers to each author’s respective affiliations in a list which follows afterwards. For example,

\author{A.~Moorhouse,$^{1,2}$
P.~W.~J.~L.~Brand,$^1$
T.~R.~Geballe$^3$ and M.~G.~Burton$^4$}
\affiliation{$^1$ Department of Astronomy, ...}
\affiliation{$^2$ Present address: Dublin
Institute for ...}
\affiliation{$^3$ Joint Astronomy Centre ...}
\affiliation{$^4$ NASA Ames Research Center ...}

Note that the ‘present address’ in the above example is treated as though it were an affiliation. Similarly, fellowships or other posts, for example ‘Visiting Observer, Mount John University Observatory … ’ should be listed in the acknowledgments.

\shortauthor Define the even-page running head.

\shortauthor{R. A. Stathakis and E. M. Sadler}

Initials only should be used in running heads; use ‘and’, not ‘&’, to separate the final two names. When there is a long list of authors (four or more) use the form

\shortauthor{D.~T.~Wickramasinghe et al.}

\shorttitle Define the odd-page running head.

\shorttitle{The H\,{\eightit I} spectra}

Notice the use of the \, (thinspace) after the ‘H’ in the above example. The \eightit simulates the effect of an italic small-caps. If you require roman (upright) text in the shorttitle, say for ‘IRAS’, you would use:

\shorttitle{...{\rm IRAS}...}

It may also be necessary to add an italic correction \/ before the \rm to improve the spacing.

\abstract Set the abstract information, e.g.

  \abstract {This is the text of the abstract ...}

This design macro requires that the text (which can be longer than one paragraph) is enclosed in braces. The abstract must fit on to the first page of the article when typeset.

\keywords Set any article key words, e.g.

  \keywords {circumstellar matter
             -- infrared: stars.}

The same applies for \keywords as for the \abstract macro.

\maketitle This macro must be used just before the first section or the first text paragraph.

3.2 Headings

Some headings are capitalized. Where this is true the design macro will automatically capitalize whatever you key. As a rule, it is advisable to capitalize the first letter, and any words that normally start with a capital, i.e. proper nouns, abbreviations, but key all other words in lower case.

    The \section, \subsection and \subsubsection mac-

ros are automatically numbered. To produce unnumbered headings, ‘star’ forms of these macros exist, e.g. \section*.

\section Start a new section, e.g.

  \section{Introduction}

For main section headings such as ‘Acknowledgments’ and ‘References’ use the \section* macro, e.g.

  \section*{Acknowledgments}

The \section command is also used to produce appendices (see Subsection 3.11 for more information).

\subsection Start a new subsection, e.g.

  \subsection{Colour--colour diagram}

\subsubsection Start a new subsubsection, e.g.

  \subsubsection{Correlation with subgroups}

\paragraph Start a new subsubsubsection, e.g.

  \paragraph{Correlation with subgroups.} Text
   runs on after heading...

It is important to note that text runs on after a \paragraph. There should be no break between this heading and the next paragraph.

The macro \section forces the text of the heading into upper case, and \subsection emboldens the text. When headings contain names with lowercase or small capital letters, place these letters in the argument of \lowercase, e.g.

  N\lowercase{a}\,{\sixbf I}/%
  C\lowercase{a}\,{\sixbf II}

to get ‘… Na I/Ca II … ’ in a section heading. The \sixbf commands produce a simulated bold small-caps. This technique can also be applied to the running heads; see the ex-

ample in \shorttitle.

The paragraph indent on any text following a \section,

\subsection or \subsubsection is automatically removed

by the macros.

3.3 Lists

3.3.1 Numbered lists

Numbered lists are keyed in a simple and straightforward way. They begin with a \beginlist command. Each item is marked with \item with its number (in round braces) followed by the text for the item. The number should be in lower case roman numerals. The list is ended with \endlist. For example,

  \beginlist
  \item (i) the attenuated and diluted stellar
    radiation;
  \item (ii) scattered radiation, and
  \item (iii) reradiation from other grains.
  \endlist

Notes

(i) Extra white space is automatically added above and below the list.

(ii) Outside the scope of the \beginlist and \endlist commands the \item command reverts to its plain TEX definition. Don’t use the plain TEX \item command on its own, as the spacing and indents will be incorrect.

(iii) The paragraph indentation on the first paragraph following the \endlist command is removed automatically if you leave no blank line between the \endlist and the text.

3.3.2 Unnumbered lists

These should be keyed in the same way as numbered lists (described above), except that each item in the list has no number in round braces.

3.4 Illustrations (or figures)

Figures should be keyed as follows:

  \beginfigure{n}
    \vskip 3cm
    \caption{{\bf Figure f.} An example figure in
      which space has been left for the artwork.}
  \endfigure

Figure captions should be below the figure itself, therefore the \caption command should appear after the figure or space left for an illustration. The n value is the logical figure number. This number determines the output order of the figure (in two-column mode). It must start at 1 and increase with each successive figure.

The \caption macro is only valid in the scope of

\beginfigure. . .\endfigure.

The example above will produce a single-column figure in two-column mode. To produce a double-spanning figure use:

  \beginfigure*{n}

…

    \caption{. . .}
  \endfigure

Notice that \beginfigure* ends with \endfigure. If the text in the caption is less than one line long it is centred automatically, otherwise it is set full-out.

Figure 1. An example figure in which space has been left for the artwork.

Notes

(i) If there is more than one figure panel to a caption, the depth value should increase by 13pt (4.5mm) for every extra figure (if they are one above another). This allows for a gap between each figure panel.

(ii) If a figure occupies one complete page, insert a depth that does not completely fill the page, otherwise the figure may be output at the end of the paper (or not at all)!

See ‘Instructions for Authors’ in Monthly Notices for submission of artwork.

3.4.1 Points to note for figures in one-column articles

(i) All figures (and their captions) will be set to full width even if they are keyed using \beginfigure…\endfigure. Captions shorter than one line will be centred as normal. (ii) The logical figure number is ignored in one-column mode. Therefore the figures are output in the order in which they appear in the source.

(iii) If a figure is placed very early in the source code, it is possible for it to float to the top of the first page (above the title). In this case, move the figure one paragraph down and try again. It may be necessary to do this with other figures to keep the output order correct.

3.5 Tables

Tables should be keyed something like this:

                                                          \begintable{n}
                                                            \caption{{\bf Table t.} . . .}

\halign{ <alignment> }

\tabletext{ text below table, table footnotes, etc. }

                                                          \endtable

The n value is the logical table number, and t is the table number. The logical table number determines the output order of the table (in two-column mode). It must start at 1 and increase with each successive table.

The table caption should appear before the body of the table. The \tabletext macro is provided for table notes, and table footnotes. It can contain more than one paragraph of text. Ten points of space are automatically added above \tabletext. Only one \tabletext is allowed per table. The usage of \tabletext is optional.

If you wish to insert non-aligned text into the body of the alignment do not use \noalign{text} as this will make the table appear to be full width to the macros, resulting in the table being set flush left. In this case you can either use

                                                        \multispan or use \noalign{\hbox{text}}.

The caption, and any text below the table will be set to the table width, when the table is centred by the macros. The \caption and \tabletext macros are only valid in the

scope of the \begintable. . .\endtable.

Table 1 is produced with the following code:

\begintable{1}
\caption{{\bf Table 1.} Radio-band beaming
model parameters for FSRQs and BL Lacs.}
\halign{#\hfil & \quad \hfil#\hfil\quad &
\hfil#\hfil\quad & \hfil#\hfil\quad &
\hfil#\hfil\quad & \hfil#\hfil\quad &
\hfil#\hfil\cr
Class   & $\gamma_1$ & $\gamma_2$ & $\langle
\gamma \rangle$ & $G$ & $f$
& $\theta_{\rm c}$ \cr
BL Lacs & 5 & 36 & 7  & $-4.0$ & $1.0\times
10^{-2}$ & 10$^\circ$ \cr
FSRQs   & 5 & 40 & 11 & $-2.3$ & $0.5\times
10^{-2}$ & 14$^\circ$ \cr
}
\tabletext{{\em G} is the slope of the Lorentz
factor distribution, i.e. $n(\gamma)\propto
\gamma^G$, extending between $\gamma_1$
and $\gamma_2$, with mean value $\langle
\gamma\rangle$, {\em f\/} is the ratio
between the intrinsic jet luminosity and the
extended, unbeamed luminosity, while
$\theta_{{\rm c}}$ is the critical angle
separating the beamed class from the parent
population.}
\endtable

The example above will produce a single-column table in two-column mode. To produce a double-spanning table use:

\begintable*{n}
\caption{. . .}
\halign{. . .}
\tabletext{. . .}
\endtable
Notice that \begintable* ends with \endtable.

Tables are allowed to have single horizontal rules, at the head and foot only. Horizontal rules should have 3pt of space above and below them. Vertical rules should not be used.

If a table occupies one complete page, you may find it necessary to reduce its depth slightly, so that it doesn’t completely fill the page, otherwise the table may be output at the end of the paper (or not at all)!

3.5.1 Points to note for tables in one-column articles

(i) Tables that will fit into a column in two-column mode will be centred on the full page width in one-column mode.

(ii) The logical table number is ignored in two-column mode. Therefore the tables are output in the order in which they appear in the source.

(iii) If a table is placed very early in the source code, it is possible for it to float to the top of the first page (above the title). In this case, move the table one paragraph down and try again. It may be necessary to do this with other tables to keep the output order correct.

Table 1. Radio-band beaming model parameters for FSRQs and BL Lacs.

Class γ_{1} γ_{2} ⟨γ⟩ G f θ_{c}
BL Lacs 5 36 7 −4.0 1.0 × 10^{−2} 10^{∘}
FSRQs  5 40 11 −2.3 0.5 × 10^{−2} 14^{∘}

G is the slope of the Lorentz factor distribution, i.e. n(γ) ∝ γ^{G}, extending between γ_{1} and γ_{2}, with mean value ⟨γ⟩, f is the ratio between the intrinsic jet luminosity and the extended, unbeamed luminosity, while θ_{c} is the critical angle separating the beamed class from the parent population.

3.6 Captions for continued figures and tables

If a very large figure or table does not fit on one page, it must be split into two floats; the second float should use a continued caption in the form:

Figure 6 – continued

The figure or table number in the continued caption should be the same as in the original caption. These captions should be keyed as follows:

  \begintable{n}
    \caption{{\bf Table t} -- {\it continued}}
    :
  \endtable

Notice that there is no full-point after the figure/table number.

3.7 Landscape pages

If a table or illustration is too wide to fit the standard measure, it must be turned, with its caption, through 90 degrees anticlockwise. Landscape illustrations and/or tables cannot be produced directly using the MN macros because TEX itself cannot turn the page, and not all device drivers provide such a facility.

The first step is to produce blank pages (with a running head) in the output, so that the landscape material can be pasted in later. How this is done depends on whether your article is in one or two columns.

For one-column articles use the following:

  \pageinsert
    \vfil\centerline{{\bf Figure f .} Landscape
      figure to go here.}\vfil
  \endinsert

otherwise use

  \beginfigure*{n}
    \vbox to 646pt{\vfil \caption{{\bf Figure f .}
      Landscape figure to go here.}\vfil}
  \endfigure

for two-column articles. You may find it necessary to move the above code up or down the source code until the blank page appears on the page after the first reference.

Next create a separate document containing the command \landscape near the top (or use mnland.tex as a template). In this file include the complete tables and illustrations (with captions) using the figure and table macros provided, remembering to number the captions in the correct sequence, e.g.

  \ifx\mnmacrosloaded\undefined \input mn\fi
  % use the following if your driver supports it
  % \special{landscape}
  % you may require \pageoffset for landscape
  % \pageoffset{0pc}{-1.5pc}
  \landscape
  \authorcomment{Landscape material to be pasted
    into the article.}
  \begintopmatter
  \maketitle
  \beginfigure{1}
  \caption{{\bf Figure 4.} Photometric
    comparisons . . .}
  \endfigure
  :
  \bye

Once you have successfully processed the new file with the MN macros, you can pass the resulting output through your dvi printer driver. Because the output of the MN macros is wider than it is deep, the page has to be printed landscape on your output device.

Some dvi printer drivers will understand the ‘landscape’ \special command and will automatically rotate the output, while others need to be told from the command line. Consult your local documentation if you don’t know how to do this.

3.8 Plate pages

These are provided for tip-in plates, and should only be used for these. The plate page macros create a blank page with a special running head; its contents can be set using the \plate command. The text in the head should be keyed as shown below. The no and vol numbers will be determined by the typesetter.

  \beginplatepage
    \plate{Opposite p.~no, MNRAS, {\bf vol}}
    \caption{{\bf Figure f .} . . .}
  \endplatepage

If the plate is a ‘landscape’ plate its caption (if any) should be set using a separate ‘landscape’ file (as described above). If the plate is to be placed ‘portrait’ its caption can be set by using the \caption command as shown above. The style of the caption should be the same as for normal figure captions. If the plate fills most of the page, it is advisable to place the caption at the very bottom of the page – this can be achieved by using \vfill above the caption.

Plate pages will always appear on the page following the one on which the \endplatepage command is encountered. At present it is impossible to have two plate pages side by side, since there must be at least one page between them. If a new plate page is started before a previous one is output the first plate page is lost.

3.9 Footnotes

Footnotes are only available in the one-column format. They should be keyed in the standard plain TEX way us-

ing \footnote, e.g.
  text\footnote {symbol}{footnote text. . .} text

where symbol should be in the sequence: ⋆ (\star), †, ‡, §, ¶, ∥, ⋆⋆ (\star\star), ††, ‡‡, §§, ¶¶, ∥∥. The \footnote command should only be used for footnotes in the main text.

3.10 Bibliography

References to published literature should be quoted in text by author and date: e.g. Draine (1978) or (Begelman, Blandford & Rees 1984). Where more than one reference is cited having the same author(s) and date, the letters a,b,c, … should follow the date: e.g. Smith (1988a), Smith (1988b), etc.

3.10.1 References in the text

References in the text are given by author and date, and, whichever method is used to produce the bibliography, the references in the text are done in the same way. When you introduce a three-author paper, you should list all three authors at the first citation, and thereafter use et al.

3.10.2 The list of references

The following listing shows how references should be keyed in the style of the journal.

                                                          \section*{References}
                                                          \beginrefs
                                                          \bibitem Butcher J., 1992, Copy-editing:
                                                              The Cambridge Handbook, 3rd edn.
                                                              Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
                                                          \bibitem The Chicago Manual of Style, 1982.
                                                              Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago
                                                          \bibitem Blanco P., 1991, PhD thesis,
                                                              Edinburgh University
                                                          \bibitem Brown A. B., Jones C. D., 1989,
                                                              in Robinson E. F., Smith G. H., eds,
                                                              Proc. IAU Symp. 345, Black Dwarfs.
                                                              Kluwer, Dordrecht, p. 210
                                                          \bibitem Edelson R. A., 1987, ApJ, 313, 651
                                                          \bibitem Lamport L., 1986, \LaTeX: A Document
                                                              Preparation System. Addison--Wesley,
                                                              New York
                                                          \bibitem Mirabel I. F., Sanders D. B., 1989,
                                                              ApJ, 340, L53
                                                          \bibitem Misner C. W., Thorne K. S.,
                                                              Wheeler J. A., 1973, Gravitation.
                                                              Freeman, San Francisco
                                                          \bibitem Sopp H. M., Alexander P., 1991,
                                                              MNRAS, 251, 112
                                                          \bibitem Stella L., Campana S., 1991, in
                                                              Treves A., Perola G. C., Stella L., eds,
                                                              Iron Line Diagnostic in X-ray Sources.
                                                              Springer--Verlag, Berlin, p. 230
                                                          \endrefs

The following rules apply for the ordering of your references:

(i) if an author has written several papers, some with other authors, the rule is that the single-author papers precede the two-author papers, which, in turn, precede the multi-author papers;

(ii) within the two-author paper citations, the order is determined by the second author’s surname, regardless of date;

(iii) within the multi-author paper citations, the order is chronological, regardless of author surnames.

Notes

(i) The \bibitem command is undefined unless it is used in the scope of the \beginrefs…\endrefs.

(ii) Bibliographical items can be longer than one paragraph.

(iii) The paragraph indentation on the first paragraph following the \endrefs command is removed automatically if you leave no blank line between the \endrefs and the text.

3.11 Appendices

The appendices section of your article should start with a \appendix, after which each \section starts a new appendix. For example,

  \appendix
  \section{for authors}

will yield:

APPENDIX A: FOR AUTHORS

The \appendix macro should only be used once.

If the appendix has no subtitle, the parameter to the \section command should be left empty. For example,

  \section{}

will produce:

APPENDIX B

Any subsections or subsubsections in the appendix are automatically numbered. You should also note that displayed equations in appendices should be numbered (A1), (A2) for Appendix A, and (B1), (B2) for Appendix B, etc.

The numbering for displayed equations can be made automatic by using the \stepeq macros described in Subsubsection 3.13.2.

Figures and Tables should also be numbered in a similar way, e.g. Fig. A1, A2, Table A1, A2 in appendices.

3.12 Typeface selection

The normal plain TEX typeface conventions apply. The following faces are available as normal: \rm, \it, \bf, \sl, \sf,

\sc, \tt, \mit, \cal and \oldstyle.

Bold versions of \cal and \oldstyle can be produced in combination with \bmath. Use of \bmath on its own will provide bold math italic letters.

A new \em command provides emphasis for important words. The \em command will automatically switch the face of the emphasized words to make them stand out. So,

  \rm this is an {\em emphasized\/} word.
  \it this is an {\em emphasized} word.

gives this is an emphasized word. this is an emphasized word.

Notice the use of the italic correction command (\/) in the above example.

The following are fully loaded in text, script and scriptscript sizes: \rm, \bf, math italic, math symbol, bold math italic and bold symbol. The faces \it, \sl, \tt, \sc and \sf are loaded at text size only. See fonttest.tex for a better idea of how these work.

3.13 Typesetting mathematics

3.13.1 Displayed mathematics

Equations should be keyed using normal plain TEX macros. Display mathematics are automatically set flush left by the macros. The standard plain TEX math commands

                                                        \eqalign, \eqalignno will work as before. The \leqalignno

command is switched automatically to \eqalignno to prevent the equation number from crashing into the equation. If you wish to use \displaylines, this has to be handled in a slightly different way. For example,

[ν_{1}] − [ν_{2}] = −2.5 log[f(ν_{1})/f(ν_{2})], (1) α = −(1 + Q)β − 3, (2) q = 2 + γ − Q. (3)

was produced with:

                                                          $$
                                                          \displaylines{%
                                                            \hbox to \hsize{}\cr
                                                            [\nu_1]-[\nu_2]=-2.5\log [f(\nu_1)/f(\nu_2)],
                                                              \hfill\stepeq\cr
                                                            \alpha=-(1+Q)\beta-3,\hfill\stepeq\cr
                                                            q=2+\gamma -Q.\hfill\stepeq\cr}
                                                          $$

Notice the \hbox to \hsize{} to ensure that the equation is set to the full width. The \hfill’s ensure that the equations are set flush left and the equation numbers are set flush right.

If the equations in \displaylines are unnumbered, you still need the \hfill’s to ensure the equations are set flush left.

3.13.2 Automatic equation numbering

Displayed equations can be numbered automatically by the use of \stepeq. For example,

                                                          $$
                                                           \alpha=-(1+Q)\beta-3,\eqno\stepeq
                                                          $$

which produces:

α = −(1 + Q)β − 3, (4)

The \stepeq macro can be used in any of the places where a equation number is normally expected. Sub-equation numbering is also provided, allowing equation numbers in the form (2a) to be produced. For example,

\begin{aligned}α & = −(1 + Q)β − 3, & (5a) \\ q & = 2 + γ − Q. & (5b) \\ [ν_{1}] − [ν_{2}] & = −2.5 log[f(ν_{1})/f(ν_{2})] & (5c) \end{aligned}

was produced by:

$$
\eqalignno{%
\alpha & =-(1+Q)\beta-3, & \startsubeq\cr
q & =2+\gamma -Q.   & \stepsubeq\cr
[\nu_1]-[\nu_2] & =-2.5\log [f(\nu_1)/f(\nu_2)]
& \stepsubeq\cr}
$$

The sub-equation number is reset each time a \stepeq is used. Equation numbering is automatically reset to ‘(A1)’ when a \appendix is used.

3.13.3 Bold math italic

To obtain bold math italic, you should use \bmath. So to obtain:

d(s_{t_{u}}) = ⟨[RM(X_{y} + s_{t}) − RM(x_{y})]^{2}⟩

you would key:

$$
d(\bmath{s_{t_u}}) = \langle [RM(\bmath{X_y}
+ \bmath{s_t}) - RM(\bmath{x_y})]^2 \rangle
$$

This facility is available in all typesizes.

3.13.4 Bold Greek and other bold symbols

Bold lowercase Greek characters can be obtained by prefixing the normal (unbold) symbol name with a ‘b’, e.g. \bgamma gives γ. This rule does not apply to bold \eta, as this would lead to a name clash with \beta. Instead use \boldeta for bold eta. Note that there is no \omicron (so there is no \bomicron), just use ‘o’ in math mode for omicron and ‘\bmath{o}’ for bold omicron.

Bold versions of most of the other symbols in appendix F in the TEXbook can be obtained in the same way.

For bold uppercase Greek, prefix the unbold character name with \bf, e.g. \bf\Gamma gives Γ. Upper and lowercase Greek characters are available in all typesizes.

You can then use these definitions in math mode, as you would normal Greek characters:

$$
\balpha_{\bmu} = {\bf\Theta} \alpha.
$$

will produce

α_{μ} = Θα.

To save TEX’s valuable memory the symbol names for the bold math characters are not loaded automatically. To load them simply type

\loadboldmathnames

in the document. Alternatively, if you only need one or two of them, simply copy the appropriate definitions from mn.tex to your document. For a complete list of the bold math symbols supplied, see the file mn.tex.

3.13.5 Upright Greek characters

You can obtain upright Greek characters if you have access to the American Maths Society Euler fonts (version 2.0), but you may not have these. In this case, you will have to use the normal math italic symbols and the typesetter will substitute the corresponding upright characters. You will make this easier if you can use the macros \upi, \umu and \upartial etc. in your text to indicate the need for upright characters, together with the following definitions in the preamble (before \begintopmatter):

Authors with AMS fonts

  \ifCUPmtplainloaded \else
    \NewSymbolFont{upmath} {eurm10}
    \NewMathSymbol{\upi}     {0}{upmath}{19}
    \NewMathSymbol{\umu}     {0}{upmath}{16}
    \NewMathSymbol{\upartial}{0}{upmath}{40}
  \fi

Authors without AMS fonts

  \ifCUPmtplainloaded \else
    \def\umu{\mu}
    \def\upi{\pi}
    \def\upartial{\partial}
  \fi

Wether you have AMS fonts or not, the \if.. and \fi are required in the above examples to ensure that when your article is typeset in Monotype Times, the correct definitions for these symbols are used.

The sample pages, guide and fonttest can be made to use AMS fonts if you have them. To use them, just uncomment the following line in the preamble of mnguide.tex,

mnsample.tex and fonttest.tex:
  %\AMStwofontstrue

If you do this, the following upright symbols are used in the sample pages, guide and fonttest: \upi, \umu and \upartial.

3.13.6 Special symbols

The macros for the special symbols in Tables 2 and 3 have been taken from the Springer Verlag ‘Astronomy and Astrophysics’ design, with their permission. They are directly compatible and use the same macro names. These symbols will work in all text sizes, but are only guaranteed to work in text and displaystyles. Some of the symbols will not get any smaller when they are used in sub- or superscripts, and will therefore be displayed at the wrong size. Don’t worry about this as the typesetter will be able to sort it out.

4 EXAMPLE OF SECTION HEADING WITH SMALL CAPS, lowercase, ITALIC, AND BOLD GREEK SUCH AS μ^{κ}

The above heading was produced with:

  \section{Example of section heading with
    S{\sevenbf MALL} C{\sevenbf APS},
    \lowercase{lowercase}, \textbfit{italic},
    and bold Greek such as $\bmu^{\bkappa}$}

Table 2. Special symbols which can only be used in math mode.

Input  Explanation  Output  Input  Explanation  Output
\la  less or approx  < ∼  \ga  greater or approx  > ∼
\getsto gets over to  \overleftarrow{→}  \cor  corresponds to  _{=}
\lid  less or equal  < =  \gid  greater or equal  > =
\sol  similar over less  ∼ <  \sog  similar over greater ∼ >
\lse  less over simeq  < ≃  \gse  greater over simeq > ≃
\grole greater over less  > <  \leogr less over greater  < >
\loa  less over approx  < ≈  \goa  greater over approx > ≈
\bbbr  Blackboard bold R IR  \bbbm  Blackboard bold M IM
\bbbn  Blackboard bold N IN  \bbbf  Blackboard bold F IF
\bbbh  Blackboard bold H IH  \bbbk  Blackboard bold K IK
\bbbp  Blackboard bold P IP  \bbbone Blackboard bold 1 1l
\bbbc  Blackboard bold C C  \bbbq  Blackboard bold Q Q
\bbbt  Blackboard bold T T  \bbbs  Blackboard bold S S
\bbbz  Blackboard bold Z ZZ

Table 3. Special symbols which don’t have to be used in math mode.

Input  Explanation  Output  Input  Explanation  Output
\sun  sun symbol  ⊙  \degr  degree  ^{∘}
\diameter diameter  / ◯  \sq  square  ⊓ ⊔
\fd  fraction of day  .^{d}  \fh  fraction of hour  .^{h}
\fm  fraction of minute  .^{m}  \fs  fraction of second .^{s}
\fdg  fraction of degree  .^{∘}  \fp  fraction of period .^{p}
\farcs  fraction of arcsecond .′′  \farcm fraction of arcmin .′
\arcsec  arcsecond  ′′  \arcmin arcminute  ′

APPENDIX A: FOR AUTHORS

Table A1 is a list of design macros which are unique to mn.tex. The list displays each macro’s name and description.

APPENDIX B: FOR EDITORS

The additional features shown in Table B1 may be used for production purposes only.

APPENDIX C: MONTHLY NOTICES JOURNAL STYLE

Authors submitting TEX or LaTEX papers to Monthly Notices may wish to note the following points regarding journal style. Adherence to correct style from the start will obviously save time and effort later on, in terms of fewer requested subeditorial corrections. The notes given here relate to common style errors found in Monthly Notices manuscripts, and are not intended to be exhaustive. Please see the editorials in issues 257/2 and 260/1, as well as any recent issue of the journal, for more details. As far as possible, the subeditor will indicate which of your changes would be best done globally, thus saving you time.

C1 Punctuation

When deciding where to add commas, it may be helpful to read through the sentence and note where the natural ‘pauses’ occur. The needs of readers for whom English is not a first language should be borne in mind when punctuating long sentences. For example, consider the following sentence as it appeared in Monthly Notices: ‘When we do not limit ourselves by constraints arising from the choice of an initial fluctuation spectrum, structures in an open universe, including the peculiar velocity structure, can be reproduced in a flat Lemaître universe for a large part of their evolution.’ Now consider the same sentence without commas: ‘When we do not limit ourselves by constraints arising from the choice of an initial fluctuation spectrum structures in an open universe including the peculiar velocity structure can be reproduced in a flat Lemaître universe for a large part of their evolution.’

C2 Spelling

Please use British spelling – e.g. centre not center, labelled not labeled. The following style regarding -ise and -ize spellings is followed. -ise: devise, surprise, comprise, revise, exercise, analyse. -ize: recognize, criticize, minimize, emphasize, organize.

C3 Titles and section/subsection headings

With the exception of section headings (e.g. INTRODUC-TION…), capital letters should be used only where they occur in a normal sentence – e.g. ‘ROSAT observations of the unusual star…’, not ‘ROSAT Observations of the Unusual Star…’.

C4 Key words

The list of Monthly Notices key words is published with the 4th issue of each volume. No other key words should be used. Please use the correct layout for key words:

Table A1. Authors’ notes.

Macro name and syntax  Description
\pageoffset {h-off}{v-off}  Adjust positioning of text area on paper.
\Referee  Enable double-spaced referee mode.
\onecolumn  Enable one-column mode (default = two-column).
\landscape  Enable landscape mode (default = portrait).

The \landscape command automatically calls \onecolumn.

\loadboldmathnames  Enable the use of bold symbols, e.g. \bgamma
\authorcomment  Catchline for draft version/date.
\begintopmatter  Start the two-spanning topmatter.

\title {<text>}  Article title.
\author {<text>}  Author(s).
\affiliation {<text>}  Author affiliation(s).

\shortauthor {<text>}  Set the even-page running head.
\shorttitle {<text>}  Set the odd-page running head.

\abstract {<text>}  Abstract.
\keywords {<text>}  Key words.

\maketitle  End the two-spanning topmatter.

\section {<text>}  Heading level A.

\section* {<text>}  Unnumbered A-heading.

\subsection {<text>}  Heading level B.
\subsubsection {<text>}  Heading level C.
\paragraph {<text>}  Heading level D.

\appendix  Start the articles appendix section. The \section command starts

a new appendix.

\stepeq, \startsubeq, \stepsubeq  Automatic equation numbering.
\beginlist  Numbered list:
\item (i) <text>  Omit the number and round braces from each \item for an unnumbered list.

  \item (ii) <text>

…

\endlist

\beginrefs  Bibliography.

  \bibitem <text>

…

\endrefs

\beginfigure{n}  Figures:

<figure space>  Use the \beginfigure* form for a double-spanning figure

  \caption{{\bf Figure n.} caption}  in two-column mode.

\endfigure

\begintable{n}  Tables:
  \caption{{\bf Table n.} caption}  Use the \begintable* form for a double-spanning table

<alignment>  in two-column mode.

  \tabletext{<text>}
\endtable

\caption{{\bf Figure n} -- {\it continued}} Continued captions.

\caption{{\bf Table n} -- {\it continued}}

\beginplatepage  Plate pages.

  \plate{Opposite p.\ n, MNRAS, {\bf n}}
  <figure space>
  \caption{{\bf Figure n.} caption}
\endplatepage

\Two, \OneHalf, \One, \Half  Extra vertical space: These macros insert white space, in multiples

of the linefeed, between paragraphs. Use during page make-up in preference to plain TEX’s \smallskip, \medskip and \bigskip.

\bmath{math text}, \em  Bold math and emphasized text.

\textbfit{text}, \mathbfit{text}  Bold text italic (defined in the preamble of mnsample.tex).
\textbfss{text}, \mathbfss{text}  Bold text sans serif (defined in the preamble of mnsample.tex).

\umu, \upi, \upartial  Upright math characters. These will only appear upright if you have

AMS v2.0 fonts. See “upright greek characters” for further information.

Table B1. Editors’ notes.

Macro name and syntax Description
\pageno=000  to set pagination; default = 1.
\pagerange{000--000}  note the use of the en-rule
\letters  for short communications (adds L to folios)
\pagerange{L00--L00}  for short communications
\microfiche{MN000/0}  for articles accompanied by microfiche

\pubyear{0000}  catchline date

\volume{000}  catchline volume

\acceptedline{text}  acceptance date

\nofloat  Position a figure or table at the current position (one-column only).

The \nofloat macro should be positioned directly after the \beginfigure/table, and will cause the macros to use \midinsert (remember that \midinsert will turn into a \topinsert if there is not enough space).

Key words: galaxies: active – galaxies: Seyfert – radio continuum: galaxies.

C5 Hyphens and N-rules

(i) Hyphens (one dash in TEX/LaTEX). Monthly Notices uses hyphens for compound adjectives (e.g. low-density gas, least-squares fit, two-component model). This also applies to simple units (e.g. 1.5-m telescope, 284.5-nm line), but not to complex units or ranges, which could become cumbersome (e.g. 15 km s^{−1} feature, 100–200 μm observations).

(ii) N-rules (two dashes in TEX/LaTEX). These are used (a) to separate key words, (b) as parentheses (e.g. ‘the results – assuming no temperature gradient – are indicative of…), (c) to denote a range (e.g. 1.6–2.2 μm), and (d) to denote the joining of two words (e.g. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Herbig–Haro object).

(iii) The M-rule (three dashes in TEX/LaTEX) is not used in Monthly Notices.

C6 References

It is important to use the correct reference style, details of which can be found in the editorials cited above, and which is demonstrated in any recent issue of the journal. The main points are summarized below.

(i) In text – for three-author papers, give all three authors at first mention, and ‘et al.’ thereafter.

(ii) In references list – no bold or italic, no commas after author surnames, and no ampersand between final two author names. Use simplified abbreviations for frequently used journals (e.g. MNRAS, ApJ, A&A, PASP – see full list in editorial in issue 260/1). List all authors if eight or less, otherwise ‘et al.’ For example,

Biggs J.D., Lyne A.G., 1992, MNRAS, 254, 257 Brown A.B., Jones C.D., 1989, in Robinson E.F., Smith G.H.,

eds, Proc. IAU Symp. 345, Black Dwarfs. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p. 210

Felsteiner J., Opher R., 1991, in Treves A., ed., Iron Line Dia-

gnostics in X-ray Sources. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 209 Gunn J.E., Knapp G., 1993, in Soifer B.T., ed., ASP Conf. Ser.

Vol. 43, Sky Surveys. Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, p. 267 Peebles P.J.E., 1980, The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe.

Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ Pounds K.A. et al., 1993, MNRAS, 260, 77 Williams B.G., 1992, PhD thesis, Univ. Edinburgh

C7 Maths

Scalar variables are italic; vectors are bold italic; matrices are ‘bold Univers’ font (like bold sans serif). Differential d, complex i, exponential e, sin, cos, tan, log, etc., are roman. Sub/superscripts that are physical variables are italic, while those that are just labels are roman (e.g. C_{p}, but T_{eff}). Equations should be punctuated as part of the sentence.

C8 Miscellaneous

e.g., i.e., cf., etc., are roman. Single quotes ‘ ’ not double quotes “ ”. Take care to use correct units – see recent issues for details. Use superscript −1, not solidus /, for units – e.g. km s^{−1} not km/s. The unit of arcseconds is arcsec when used to denote angular size or separation (e.g. ‘beamsize 12 arcsec’, ‘30 arcsec west of the star’); use ′′ for positions (e.g. Dec. −30^{∘} 29′ 23′′) (similarly for arcminutes). The unit of magnitudes is mag, not superscript m. Percentages should be written ‘per cent’, not %. Use the degree symbol ∘ ($^\circ$) except to denote, e.g., areas, where ‘deg^{2}’ may be more appropriate (e.g. ‘a survey area of 3 deg^{2}’). Degree symbols should be positioned above the decimal point if there is one – i.e. 23.^{∘}4 not 23.4^{∘} (similarly for superscript h, m, s, and ′, ′′ symbols in coordinates). See guide for coding. Ionized species should be denoted by small caps, with a thin space – e.g. He ii, C iv, [Fe ii] 465.8 nm, N iii 463.4 nm. If lack of the correct font at your site prevents this from coming out on your printout, it would be helpful if you were to indicate as such on your manuscript so that the subeditor knows that there is no need for correction. Computer software (e.g. figaro) should be in small capitals. Satellite names should be italic (e.g. Ginga, IRAS). The correct bracket order is {[()]}.

APPENDIX D: TROUBLE-SHOOTING

Authors may from time to time encounter problems with the preparation of their papers in TEX/LaTEX. The appropriate action to take will depend on the nature of the problem – the following is intended to act as a guide.

(i) If a problem is with TEX/LaTEX itself, rather than with the actual macros, please refer to the appropriate handbooks for initial advice. If the solution cannot be found, and you suspect that the problem lies with the macros, then please contact the RAS Journal Production team at Blackwell Science (BS), 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ, UK (Tel: 031 226 7232; Fax: 031 226 3803; omit the first zero if calling from outside the UK). The BS office will shortly be accessible by email – please see the Instructions for Authors on the inside back cover of Monthly Notices for details. Please provide precise details of the problem (what you were trying to do – ideally, include examples of source code as well – and what exactly happened; what error message was received).

(ii) Problems with page make-up, particularly in the twocolumn mode (e.g. large spaces between paragraphs, or under headings or figures; uneven columns; figures/tables appearing out of order). Please do not attempt to remedy these yourself using ‘hard’ page make-up commands – the typesetters at Cambridge University Press (CUP) will sort out problems when typesetting. (You may, if you wish, draw attention to particular problems when submitting the final version of your paper.)

(iii) If a required font is not available at your site, allow TEX to substitute the font and report the problem on your disk documentation form.

D1 Fixes for coding problems

The new versions of the style files and macros have been designed to minimize the need for user-defined macros to create special symbols. Authors are urged, wherever possible, to use the following coding rather than create their own. This will minimize the danger of author-defined macros being accidentally ‘over-ridden’ when the paper is typeset in Monotype Times (see Subsection 3.13, ‘Typesetting mathematics’).

(i) Fonts in sections and paper titles. The following are examples of styles that sometimes prove difficult to code.

Paper titles

A survey of IRAS galaxies at δ > 50^{∘}

is produced by:

  \title{A survey of \textbfit{IRAS\/} galaxies
   \hfil\break at $\bmath{\delta>{\bf 50}^\circ}$}
  \shorttitle{A survey of IRAS galaxies at $\delta
    > 50^\circ$}

Observations of compact H II regions

is produced by:

  \title{Observations of compact
    H\,{\elevenbf II} regions}
  \shorttitle{Observations of compact
    H\,{\eightit II} regions}

Section headings

1 THE IRAS DATA FOR δ > 50^{∘}

is produced by:

                                                          \section{The \textbfit{IRAS\/} data for
                                                            $\bmath{\delta>{\bf 50}^\circ}$}

2 H II GALAXIES AT z > 1.6

is produced by:

                                                          \section{H\,{\sevenbf II} galaxies at
                                                            $\bmath{\lowercase{z}>{\bf 1.6}}$}

Subsection headings

2.1 The IRAS data for δ > 50^{∘}: galaxies at z > 1.5 is produced by:

                                                          \subsection{The \textbfit{IRAS\/} data for
                                                            $\bmath{\delta > {\bf 50}^\circ}$: galaxies
                                                            \hfil\break at $\bmath{z > {\bf 1.5}}$}

2.2 Observations of compact H II regions

is produced by:

                                                          \subsection{Observations of compact
                                                            H\,{\sevenbf II} regions}

2.2.1 A survey of radio galaxies for δ > 50^{∘}

is produced by:

                                                          \subsubsection{A survey of radio galaxies
                                                            for $\delta > {\it 50}^\circ$}

2.2.2 Determination of T_{eff} in compact H II regions

is produced by:

                                                          \subsubsection{Determination of T$_{eff}$ in
                                                            compact H\,{\sevenit II} regions}

(ii) Small capitals and other unusual fonts in table and figure captions:

Figure 1. Profiles of the Hα and N iii lines observed.

is produced by:

                                                          \caption{Profiles of the H$\alpha$ and
                                                            N\,{\sc iii} lines observed.}

(iii) Multiple author lists (to get the correct vertical spacing and wraparound on the title page of a multiple-author paper).

The variation in the strength of low-l solar p-modes: 1981–2

Y. Elsworth, R. Howe, G.R. Isaac, C.P. McLeod, B.A. Miller, R. New, C.C. Speake and S.J. Wheeler

is produced by:

\title{The variation in the\hfil\break
strength of low-$\bmath{l}$ solar\hfil\break
$\bmath{p}$-modes: 1981--2}
\shorttitle{The variation in the strength of
low-$l$ solar $p$-modes: 1981--2}
\author{Y. Elsworth, R. Howe, G.R. Isaac,
\hfil\break C.P. McLeod, B.A. Miller, R. New,
\hfil\break C.C. Speake and S.J. Wheeler}
\shortauthor{Y. Elsworth et al.}

(iv) Ionized species (as used in the examples above). The correct style calls for the use of small capitals and a thin space after the symbol for the element: e.g. for H ii, use the code \hbox{H\,{\sc ii}}. The use of the \hbox will stop the H and the ii being separated.

(v) Lower case greek pi (π), mu (μ) and partial (∂). In certain circumstances, the Monthly Notices style calls for these to be roman [when pi is used to denote the constant 3.1415…, mu is used to denote ‘micro’ in a unit (e.g. μm, μJy), and partial is a differential symbol]. See Subsubsection 3.13.5 for instructions.

(vi) Decimal degrees, arcmin, arcsec, hours, minutes and seconds. The symbol needs to be placed vertically above the decimal point. For example, the sentence

The observations were made along position angle 120.^{∘}5, starting from the central coordinates RA(1950) = 19^{h} 22^{m} 18.^{s}2, Dec. (1950) = 45^{∘} 18′ 36.′′4

uses the following coding:

The observations were made along position angle
120\fdg 5, starting from the central coordinates
${\rm RA}(1950)=19^{\rm h}~22^{\rm m}~18\fs 2$,
${\rm Dec.}~(1950)=45^\circ~18'~36\farcs 4$

(vii) The correct coding for the prime symbol′ is \arcmin, and that for ′′ is \arcsec; see the two tables on special symbols.

(viii) N-rules, hyphens and minus signs (see style guide for correct usage). To create the correct symbols in the sentence

The high-resolution observations were made along a line at an angle of −15^{∘} (east from north) from the axis of the jet, which runs north–south

you would use the following code:

The high-resolution observations were made along
a line at an angle of $-15^\circ$ (east from
north) from the axis of the jet, which runs
north--south

(ix) Vectors and matrices should be bold italic and bold sans serif respectively. To create the correct fonts for the vector x and the matrix P, you should use $\bmath{x}$ and \textbfss{P} respectively; \mathbfss is for use in math mode. Bold face text italic can be obtained by using

\textbfit{..} and \mathbfit{..} for math mode.

(x) Bold italic superscripts and subscripts. To get these to come out in the correct font and the right size, you need to use \bmath. You can create the output k_{x} by typing $\bmath{k_x}$. Try to avoid using TEX commands to determine script sizes that are already defined in the macros. For example, macros such as

  \def\th{^\hbox{\sevenrm th}}

are generating extra work;

  \def\th{^{\rm th}}

will do, and will get the size of the superscript right whether in main text, tables or captions (the use of \sevenrm overrides the macros). Also, the \hbox is not necessary, as TEX won’t split a superscript/subscript from its variable at a line break.

(xi) Calligraphic letters (uppercase only). Normal uppercase calligraphic can be produced with \cal as normal (in math mode). Bold calligraphic can be produced with

\bmath, e.g. $\bmath{\cal A}$ gives A.

(xii) Automatic scaling of brackets. The codes \left and \right should be used to scale brackets automatically to fit the equation being set. For example, to get

v = x (\frac{N + 2}{N})

use the code

  $$
    v = x \left( {N+2}\over {N} \right)
  $$

(xiii) Roman font in equations. It is often necessary to make some symbols roman in an equation (e.g. units, subscripts). For example, to get the following output:

σ ≃ (r/13 h^{−1} Mpc)^{−0.9}, ω = \frac{N − N_{s}}{N_{R}} ,

you should use:

  $$
    \sigma\simeq (r/13~h^{-1}~{\rm Mpc})^{-0.9},
    \qquad\omega={{N-N_{\rm s}}\over {N_{\rm R}}},
  $$

(xiv) Continuation figure and table captions. See Subsection 3.6.

D2 Springer-Verlag macro names

These have been incorporated from the Astronomy & Astrophysics LaTEX style file, to aid in the creation of various commonly used astronomical symbols. Please see Subsubsection 3.13.6 for details.

This paper has been produced using the Royal Astronomical Society/Blackwell Science TEX macros.